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Cesare Battisti (born 18 December 1954) is an italian former member of the Armed Proletarians for Communism, a far-left militant and terrorist group which committed acts of illegality and crimes in Italy during the period known as "Years of Lead". Sentenced for four homicides (two policemen, a jeweler and a butcher) to life imprisonment in Italy, currently he is a writer and he lives as a free man in Brazil. Fleeing Italy, he flew to France and subsequently Mexico before settling in Brazil. He has become a fiction author, having written 15 books. Battisti was sentenced to 12 years under the charge of participating in an armed group and of the material killing of two people and being the mandate for other two homicides. He fled to France, where he received protection under the Mitterrand doctrine. Later, he was tried ''in absentia'' based on testimony in Pietro Mutti's trial implicating him in four assassinations, bringing the total of charges against him to 36. He was given a sentence of life in prison. After the ''de facto'' repeal of the Mitterrand doctrine in 2002, Battisti entered in Brazil with fake documents to avoid a possible extradition. He was arrested in Rio de Janeiro on 18 March 2007 by Brazilian and French police officers. Later, Brazilian Minister of Justice Tarso Genro granted him the status of political refugee, in a controversial decision which was much criticized in Italy, whereas divided Brazilian and international press opinion was more divided.〔Economist.com, (''The madness of asylum'' )〕〔Le Journal du Dimanche. 14/01/2008. (''Battisti: Brésil, terre d'asile'' ).〕〔Centro de Mídia Independente, 14.01.2009: (''Cesare Battisti conquista condição de refugiado político'' )〕〔Última Instância, revista jurídica. 21.012009. (''A Itália dos anos de chumbo e a questão do asilo político a Cesare Battisti'' )〕〔Folha de S.Paulo, 14/01/2009. (''Comissão de Direitos Humanos diz que refúgio a Battisti segue a Constituição'' )〕〔Última Instância, revista jurídica. 21.01.2009. (''Ministério da Justiça recebe abaixo-assinado apoiando refúgio a Battisti'' )〕 On 5 February 2009, the European Parliament adopted a resolution in support of Italy〔http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+20090205+TOC+DOC+XML+V0//EN&language=EN〕 and held a minute of silence in memory to Battisti's victims. On 18 November 2009, the Brazilian Supreme Court considered the refugee status illegal and allowed extradition, but also stated that the Brazilian constitution gives the president personal powers to deny the extradition if he chooses to, effectively putting the final decision in the hands of Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. On 31 December 2010, Lula's last effective day as president, the decision not to allow extradition was officially announced. Battisti was released on 9 June 2011 from prison after the Brazilian Constitutional Court denied Italy's request to extradite him. Italy plans to appeal to the International Court of Justice in The Hague.〔news24.com, 2011-06-09. (''Italy to contest Battisti Brazil release: News24: World: News'' )〕〔Italy Global Nation, 2011-06-09. (''Brazil: Italy calls release of convicted terrorist 'humiliation' and pledges Intl. Court appeal'' )〕 In March 2015 a federal judge ruled null and void the decision to grant him a permanency visa as it would conflict with Brazilian law, ordering his deportation. == Youth and PAC membership == Cesare Battisti was born in 1954 at Sermoneta, near Latina. He left the classical lyceum he was attending in 1971, engaged in petty crime, and then moved on to more serious offenses.〔(L'appello: "Battisti in Italia e in galera" - Il Tempo )〕 In 1976 he moved to Milan, and took part in activities of the PAC, an autonomist Marxist group which conducted armed struggle, and which had a "horizontal", decentralized structure, opposed to the centralist organisation of the Red Brigades (BR). The organisation, which counted approximately 60 members, had its roots in a district in southern Milan, called Barona. Four assassinations were committed by the PAC: Antonio Santoro, a prison guard accused by the PAC of mistreatment of prisoners (on June 6, 1978 in Udine), jeweler Pierluigi Torregiani (on February 16, 1979 in Milan), Lino Sabadin, a butcher (on the same date, near Mestre), and DIGOS agent Andrea Campagna, who had participated in the first arrests in the Torregiani case (on April 19, 1979 in Milan). The PAC also engaged in several robberies. The murder of Torregiani and Sabbadin had been decided by the PAC because both of them had killed a robber-terrorist in the past, thus as an act of armed opposition to self-defense by attacked persons.〔(«La culpabilité de Battisti repose sur des preuves» ), interview with public prosecutor Armando Spataro, in ''L'Express'', 15 March 2004 〕 Torregiani was killed as revenge in front of his 13-year-old son, who was also shot by his father as a result of a tragic error.〔Valerio Evangelisti, (''Valerio Evangelisti répond à 50 questions'' ) 〕 The paraplegic Torregiani considers now that, in any case, Battisti is responsible for the shooting, and should serve his sentence in jail: "It's not about the person of Cesare Battisti - he declared to the national press agency ANSA - It's in order that everyone understands that, sooner or later, those who have committed such serious crimes should pay for their faults".〔 (Torregiani: A Cesare Battisti chiederei solo perche ), 18/03/2007〕 Cesare Battisti has stated in several texts that he abandoned political violence after Prime Minister Aldo Moro's kidnapping and subsequent murder in May 1978, carried out by Operation Gladio operatives Paul L. 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